2020. 2. 29. 06:59ㆍ카테고리 없음
Main-mast of a square-rigged, with all square sails set except theSquare rig is a generic type of in which the primary driving sails are carried on horizontal which are perpendicular, or, to the of the vessel and to the masts. These spars are called and their tips, beyond the last stay, are called the. A ship mainly rigged so is called a square-rigger.The square rig is aerodynamically the most efficient rig (i.e., sailing downwind), and stayed popular on ocean-going sailing ships until the end of the. The last commercial, were usually square-rigged four-masted. The, a square-rigger with several of its lines unshipped, in dry dock inSquare-rigged masts may also have triangular that are deployed fore-and-aft between masts.The term 'square-rigged' can also describe individual, four-cornered suspended from the horizontal yards, and carried on either a square-rigged or a mainly vessel, such as one with a or.' ' is also used for the of a in the since 1857.
It is slang and refers to anyone wearing the famous blue square collar on the shoulders and bell-bottomed trousers. The name perhaps reflects the fact that it was these men who managed the square-rigged sails. The peaked cap uniform worn by Senior Ratings (, Chief Petty Officers and Warrant Officers) and Officers is known colloquially as '.A is considered square-rigged if its lowest sail or is square-rigged, but normally if this is the case it will have a complete set of square-rigged sails. If the course is fore-and-aft, square topsails can still be carried in front of the mast.Characteristics.
USS Atlanta in 1884 showing the hybrid configuration of square rig and steam. A square-rigger can be seen in the background.In their heyday, square-rigged vessels ranged in size from small boats to.
But this rig fell from favour to fore-and-aft and after the development of steam power and new materials. Ocean-going sailing ships stayed mostly square-rigged.Square rigs allowed the fitting of many small sails to create a large total sail area to drive large ships. Fore-and-aft could be sailed with fewer crew and were efficient working to windward or reaching, but creating a large total sail area required large sails, which could cause the sails and cordage to break more easily under the wind. 18th-century warships would often achieve tops speeds of 12–13 knots (22–24 km/h), although average speeds over long distances were as little as half that.
Some ships that had square rigs and for whom speed was critical could be much faster; for example could make 17 knots (31 km/h). The late were as fast as the clippers, being much bigger.Not only could a smaller sail be managed by a smaller crew but also these smaller sails constrained the impact of weapons on them. A hole from a cannonball affected only one sail's area, whilst a hole in a large sail would eventually tear the whole larger area and reduce more of the vessel's motive power.With the development of more advanced fittings, equipment and cordage, particularly geared winches, high loads on an individual line (or rope) became less of an issue, and the focus moved to minimising the number of lines and so the size of the crew needed to handle them. This reduced running costs and also enlarged the space available in the ship for profitable cargoes. Tending sailNew materials also changed sail designs, particularly on hybrid vessels carrying some square-rigged sails.
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The low of square-rigged sails (usually 1⁄ 2 to 1⁄ 3) produces much drag for the lift (motive power) produced, so they have poor performance to compared to modern yachts, and they cannot sail as close to the wind. The is the (nearly) undisputed champion of windward performance in soft sails, due to its very low drag and high lift-to-drag ratio.
One advantage of square rigs is that they are more efficient when, where the high lift to drag is irrelevant and the total drag is the most important issue. Square-rigged sails are also less prone to when running than Bermuda rigs. Ocean-going vessels take advantage of such as the and the and are thus mostly running.On a square-rigged mast, the sails had names which indicated their vertical position on the mast. The lowest square sail was the, the next sail up the mast was called the, the next the sail. Many vessels shipped a fourth sail called the, above the other three, some even more on trades with light winds.
Sometimes a vessel might put out which would be fixed outboard of these sails along the yards. Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, the topsails and topgallants were each split into upper and lower sails; this allowed smaller crews to tend the sails and provided captains with a greater set of options in choosing which sails to set.Sails are referred to by their mast and then name, e.g., 'the fore mast topgallant sail', often shortened to 'fore t'gallant', or historically 'fore t'gar'ns'l'. The yards are mounted on the mast in such a fashion that they allow free movement by the windOn multi-sail, multi-mast vessels, a square-rigged sail is not in fact square or rectangular, but more nearly, being symmetrical but longer in the than the.
Like all sails it is three-dimensional, and its curve or belly means that its foot (lower edge) is not a straight line at all. It is fixed to a spar (the yard) along its head, and its (bottom corners) are controlled by that are often run to on the spar immediately below the sail.Square-rigged ships are still used for, tourism and ceremonial purposes.Types of square rig ship See also for illustrations Principally square rigged types. A has one mast, usually mid-ship, and one square-rigged sail. A has three or more masts, with the aftermost entirely rigged, while the fore, main and any others are square-rigged. A has two masts, both square-rigged.
In addition to jibs and staysails (stays'ls) before the foremast and staysails between the masts, there is a gaff-rigged fore-and-aft sail, called a 'spanker' or a 'kicker' or sometimes a 'mizzen'.
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